HEALTH BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SKIING
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Srećko Stanišić
Blaž Lešnik
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0006-0092
Saša Kovačević
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0006-0092
Saša Kovačević
Abstract
Objective: This review aims to synthesize current research on the impact of skiing activities-alpine, cross – country, and recreational – on cardiovascular health and physical fitness among the elderly population. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, selecting studies based on intervention type, participant age group, and publication date. Results: The review identified significant benefits of skiing activities on cardiovascular health parameters, including improved blood pressure, lipid profiles, and reduced risk factors for coronary artery diseases. Furthermore, skiing was found to enhance physical fitness aspects such as muscular strength, balance, and aerobic capacity in individuals aged 60 years and older. Conclusion: The review suggests that engaging in skiing, whether alpine, cross-country, or recreational, can substantially benefit cardiovascular health and physical fitness. These findings can inform fitness professionals, coaches, and the elderly about the potential health benefits of incorporating skiing into their physical activity regimen.
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Keywords
health benefits, skiing, cardiovascular parameters
References
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Burtscher, M., Bodner, T., Burtscher, J., Ruedl, G., Kopp, M., & Broessner, G. (2013). Life-style characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in regular downhill skiers: An observational study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 788.
Burtscher, M., Federolf, P. A., Nachbauer, W., & Kopp, M. (2019). Potential health benefits from downhill skiing. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01924
Conde-Pipó, J., Valenzuela-Barranco, I., López-Moro, A., Román-Alconchel, B., Mariscal-Arcas, M., & Zurita-Ortega, F. (2022). Influence of Alpine Skiing on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Self-Concept in Physically Active Adults over 55 Years of Age. Sports, 10(10), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100153
Degache, F., Bonjour, A., Michaud, D., Mondada, L., & Newman, C. J. (2019). The effects of tandem skiing on posture and heart rate in children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 22(4), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1462268
Dela, F., Niederseer, D., Patsch, W., Pirich, C., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2011). Glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in older alpine skiers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21, 56-61.
Djurovic, M., Okicic, T., Madić, D., Dopsaj, M., Thanopoulos, V., Rozi, G., Pešić, M., & Trivun, M. (2017). The influence of flexibility on the specific motor skills in boy-swimmers aged 10–12. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Applied Sports Science (pp. 154-158). Bulgarian Sports Academy. https://doi.org/10.37393/ICASS2017/32
Haslinger, S., Blank, C., Morawetz, D., Koller, A., Dünnwald, T., Berger, S., Schlickum, N., & Schobersberger, W. (2018). Effects of Recreational Ski Mountaineering on Cumulative Muscle Fatigue - A Longitudinal Trial. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01687
Keskin-Aktan, A., Keskin-Dilbay, N., & Kutlay, Ö. (2022). Effect of Skiing on Physical Performance, Pain, and Quality of Life Based on Gender. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 31(7), 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0334
Kim, J., & Choi, Y. (2020). The effect of short-term off-season cross-country ski training on body composition, physical fitness, and isokinetic muscle functions of cross-country skiers. Journal of Men's Health, 16(1), e63–e74. https://doi.org/10.15586/jomh.v16i1.201
Knott, S. (2022). 12 Incredible Health Benefits of Skiing & Snowboarding. New To Ski. https://newtoski.com/health-benefits-of-skiing-snowboarding/
Laukkanen, J. A., Lakka, T. A., Ogunjesa, B. A., Kurl, S., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2020). Cross-country skiing and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study. European journal of preventive cardiology, 27(10), 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319869696
Lee, H. W., Yoo, J., Cha, J. Y., Ji, C. H., Eun, D., Jang, J. H., Ju, H. W., Park, J. M., & Jee, Y. S. (2019). Effects of winter skiing on stress, heart rate, apprehension, and enjoyment in collegiate students: a single randomized controlled trial. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 15(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1938116.058
Müller, E., Gimpl, M., Kirchner, S., Kröll, J., Jahnel, R., Niebauer, J., Niederseer, D., & Scheiber, P. (2011). Salzburg Skiing for the Elderly Study: Influence of alpine skiing on aerobic capacity, strength, power, and balance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(Suppl 1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01337.x
Niederseer, D., Ledl-Kurkowski, E., Kvita, K., Patsch, W., Dela, F., Mueller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2011). Salzburg Skiing for the Elderly Study: changes in cardiovascular risk factors through skiing in the elderly. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21 (Suppl 1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01341.x
Niederseer, D., Steidle-Kloc, E., Mayr, M., Müller, E. E., Cadamuro, J., Patsch, W., Dela, F., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2016). Effects of a 12-week alpine skiing intervention on endothelial progenitor cells, peripheral arterial tone and endothelial biomarkers in the elderly. International journal of cardiology, 214, 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.229
Niederseer, D., Walser, R., Schmied, C., Dela, F., Gräni, C., Bohm, P., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2021). Effects of a 12-Week Recreational Skiing Program on Cardio-Pulmonary Fitness in the Elderly: Results from the Salzburg Skiing in the Elderly Study (SASES). International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111378
Rossi, V. A., Schmied, C., Niebauer, J., & Niederseer, D. (2019). Cardiovascular effects and risks of recreational alpine skiing in the elderly. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(Suppl 1), S27-S33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.016
Stöggl, T., Schwarzl, C., Müller, E. E., Nagasaki, M., Stöggl, J., Scheiber, P., Schönfelder, M., & Niebauer, J. (2016). A Comparison between Alpine Skiing, Cross-Country Skiing and Indoor Cycling on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Response. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(1), 184–195.
Burtscher, M., Bodner, T., Burtscher, J., Ruedl, G., Kopp, M., & Broessner, G. (2013). Life-style characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in regular downhill skiers: An observational study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 788.
Burtscher, M., Federolf, P. A., Nachbauer, W., & Kopp, M. (2019). Potential health benefits from downhill skiing. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01924
Conde-Pipó, J., Valenzuela-Barranco, I., López-Moro, A., Román-Alconchel, B., Mariscal-Arcas, M., & Zurita-Ortega, F. (2022). Influence of Alpine Skiing on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Self-Concept in Physically Active Adults over 55 Years of Age. Sports, 10(10), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100153
Degache, F., Bonjour, A., Michaud, D., Mondada, L., & Newman, C. J. (2019). The effects of tandem skiing on posture and heart rate in children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 22(4), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1462268
Dela, F., Niederseer, D., Patsch, W., Pirich, C., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2011). Glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in older alpine skiers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21, 56-61.
Djurovic, M., Okicic, T., Madić, D., Dopsaj, M., Thanopoulos, V., Rozi, G., Pešić, M., & Trivun, M. (2017). The influence of flexibility on the specific motor skills in boy-swimmers aged 10–12. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Applied Sports Science (pp. 154-158). Bulgarian Sports Academy. https://doi.org/10.37393/ICASS2017/32
Haslinger, S., Blank, C., Morawetz, D., Koller, A., Dünnwald, T., Berger, S., Schlickum, N., & Schobersberger, W. (2018). Effects of Recreational Ski Mountaineering on Cumulative Muscle Fatigue - A Longitudinal Trial. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01687
Keskin-Aktan, A., Keskin-Dilbay, N., & Kutlay, Ö. (2022). Effect of Skiing on Physical Performance, Pain, and Quality of Life Based on Gender. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 31(7), 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0334
Kim, J., & Choi, Y. (2020). The effect of short-term off-season cross-country ski training on body composition, physical fitness, and isokinetic muscle functions of cross-country skiers. Journal of Men's Health, 16(1), e63–e74. https://doi.org/10.15586/jomh.v16i1.201
Knott, S. (2022). 12 Incredible Health Benefits of Skiing & Snowboarding. New To Ski. https://newtoski.com/health-benefits-of-skiing-snowboarding/
Laukkanen, J. A., Lakka, T. A., Ogunjesa, B. A., Kurl, S., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2020). Cross-country skiing and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study. European journal of preventive cardiology, 27(10), 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319869696
Lee, H. W., Yoo, J., Cha, J. Y., Ji, C. H., Eun, D., Jang, J. H., Ju, H. W., Park, J. M., & Jee, Y. S. (2019). Effects of winter skiing on stress, heart rate, apprehension, and enjoyment in collegiate students: a single randomized controlled trial. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 15(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1938116.058
Müller, E., Gimpl, M., Kirchner, S., Kröll, J., Jahnel, R., Niebauer, J., Niederseer, D., & Scheiber, P. (2011). Salzburg Skiing for the Elderly Study: Influence of alpine skiing on aerobic capacity, strength, power, and balance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(Suppl 1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01337.x
Niederseer, D., Ledl-Kurkowski, E., Kvita, K., Patsch, W., Dela, F., Mueller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2011). Salzburg Skiing for the Elderly Study: changes in cardiovascular risk factors through skiing in the elderly. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21 (Suppl 1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01341.x
Niederseer, D., Steidle-Kloc, E., Mayr, M., Müller, E. E., Cadamuro, J., Patsch, W., Dela, F., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2016). Effects of a 12-week alpine skiing intervention on endothelial progenitor cells, peripheral arterial tone and endothelial biomarkers in the elderly. International journal of cardiology, 214, 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.229
Niederseer, D., Walser, R., Schmied, C., Dela, F., Gräni, C., Bohm, P., Müller, E., & Niebauer, J. (2021). Effects of a 12-Week Recreational Skiing Program on Cardio-Pulmonary Fitness in the Elderly: Results from the Salzburg Skiing in the Elderly Study (SASES). International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111378
Rossi, V. A., Schmied, C., Niebauer, J., & Niederseer, D. (2019). Cardiovascular effects and risks of recreational alpine skiing in the elderly. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(Suppl 1), S27-S33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.016
Stöggl, T., Schwarzl, C., Müller, E. E., Nagasaki, M., Stöggl, J., Scheiber, P., Schönfelder, M., & Niebauer, J. (2016). A Comparison between Alpine Skiing, Cross-Country Skiing and Indoor Cycling on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Response. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(1), 184–195.
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How to Cite
Stanišić, S., Lešnik, B., & Kovačević, S. (2024). HEALTH BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SKIING. Sport and Health, 19(1), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.7251/SIZ2401193S
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Review article
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