BODY MASS INDEX AND LIFESTYLE: DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF CADET FOOTBALL PLAYERS
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Miroljub Ivanović
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-8306
Vladimir Pantelić
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9873-4054
Irina Ćosić
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8879-3315
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-8306
Vladimir Pantelić
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9873-4054
Irina Ćosić
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8879-3315
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the influence of lifestyle predictors—fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, cigarette use, and alcohol intake—on various physical activity indicators (walking, cycling, recreational aerobic exercise, and resistance training) among cadet football players.
The sample comprised 163 adolescent football players (Mean_age = 15.58 ± 1.23 years) from three Serbian clubs. The multiple regression models explained between 5.8% and 8.2% of the variance in physical activity outcomes.
Vegetable consumption (β=0.29, 95% CI [0.12, 0.46], p<.01) positively predicted walking and cycling frequency, whereas cigarette use (β = −0.26, 95% CI [−0.42, −0.10], p<.05) negatively predicted aerobic and resistance training participation.
Despite the relatively low predictive power (R²<.10), the models provide relevant baseline evidence for understanding behavioral correlates of physical activity in adolescent athletes.
Applied relevance: Results highlight the need for integrated training programs that combine physical preparation with health education focused on diet quality and smoking prevention.
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Keywords
Adolescents, Football, Lifestyle, Cycling, Training load
References
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Aznar-Ballesta, A., & Santana, M. V. (2023). Disfrute y motivación en la práctica de actividad física y satisfacción con los servicios deportivos durante la adolescencia. (Enjoyment and motivation in the practice of physical activity and satisfaction with sports services during adolescence). Retos, 47, 51‒60. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.94986
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Felipe, A., & Guilherme, J. (2024) Assessing cardiovascular health benefits of football in brazilian adolescents. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 24(94) 1‒16. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2024.94.001
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Peterson, M. D., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2018). Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in pediatric obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096605
Gülşen, Ö., & Sevinç, Y. (2024). Daytime Sleepiness, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity Levels Among University Undergraduate Students: Do They Affect Sleep Quality. Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(4), 255‒263.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2‒24.
Hale, G. E., Colquhoun, L., Lancastle, D., Lewis, N., & Tyson, P. J. (2021). Physical activity interventions for the mental health and well‐being of adolescents–a systematic review. Child and adolescent mental health, 26(4), 357‒368. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12485
Hargreaves, D., Mates, E., Menon, P., Alderman, H., Devakumar, D.,... & Patton, G. C. (2022). Strategies and interventions for healthy adolescent growth, nutrition, and development. The Lancet, 399(10320), 198‒207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01593-2
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Ivanović, M., & Ivanović, U. (2016). Biološke, psihološke i socijalne varijable kao determinante sprovođenja dijete u adolescenciji. [Biological, psychological and social variables as determinants of dieting with adolescents]. Sport Science, 9(2), 15–22.
Liutsko, L., Leonov, S., Pashenko, A., & Polikanova, I. (2024). Is Frequency of Practice of Different Types of Physical Activity Associated with Health and a Healthy Lifestyle at Different Ages? European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 256‒267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010017
Lopez, P., Taaffe, D. R., Galvão, D. A., Newton, R.U., Nonemacher, E. R., … & Rech, A. (2022). Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 23, e13428‒e13437. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428
Mišigoj-Duraković, M., Duraković, Z., Findak, V., Heimer, S., Horga, S., & Latin, V. (2018). Tjelesno vježbanje i zdravlje. Zagreb: Znanje.
Moreno-Díaz, M. I., Vaquero-Solís, M., Tapia-Serrano, M. A., & Sánchez-Migue, P. A. (2024). Physical Activity, Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Body Dissatisfaction in Physical Education of Extremadura Adolescents: An Exploratory Study. Children 11(1), 83‒92. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010083
Praça, G. M., Chagas, M. H., Bredt, S. D. G. T., & de Andrade, A. G. P. (2022). Small-Sided Soccer Games with Larger Relative Areas Result in Higher Physical and Physiological Responses: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review.
Dimitriadis, Y., Michailidis, Y., Mandroukas, A., Gissis, I., Mavrommatis, G., & Metaxas, T. (2022). Internal and external load of youth soccer players during Small-Sided-Games. Trends in Sport Sciences, 29, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.23829/TSS.2022.29.4-4
Rezk, E., E. L., Damaty, H., & El Gendy, M. S. (2024). Assessment of nutritional status, dietary behavior and their relationship with physical performance for football players. Egyptian Journal of, 29(1), 185 – 231. https://doi.org/10.21608/enj.2024.350774
Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(5), 963–975. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014
Trakman, G. L., Forsyth, A., Devlin, B. L., & Belski, R. (2019). A systematic review of athletes’ and coaches’ nutrition knowledge and reflections on the quality of current nutrition knowledge measures. Nutrients, 8(9), 570‒579. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090570
Vázquez-Espino, K., Fernández-Tena, C., Lizarraga-Dallo, M. A., & Farran-Codina, A. (2020) Development and validation of a short sport nutrition knowledge questionnaire for athletes. Nutrients, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113561
WHO. Who European Regional Obesity Report. Copenhagen: European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2022.
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2199. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Anwar, F., Kustiyah, L., & Riyadi, H. (2023). The effect of gymnastics on changes in nutritional status and physical fitness levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Aceh Nutrition Journal, 8(2), 234‒242.
Aznar-Ballesta, A., & Santana, M. V. (2023). Disfrute y motivación en la práctica de actividad física y satisfacción con los servicios deportivos durante la adolescencia. (Enjoyment and motivation in the practice of physical activity and satisfaction with sports services during adolescence). Retos, 47, 51‒60. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.94986
Bennie, J. A., Smith, J. J., Qian, W., Leatherdale, S. T. & Faulkner, G. (2022). 'Longitudinal trends and predictors of muscle-strengthening activity guideline adherence among Canadian youths. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(3), 230‒234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.008
Calcaterra, V., Vandoni, M., Rossi, V., Berardo, C., Grazi, R., … & Zuccotti, G. (2022). Use of physical activity and exercise to reduce inflammation in children and adolescents with obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6908‒6917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116908
Ciesielski, J., & Perkowski, R. (2024). Assessment of physical fitness among people over 60 years of age. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 61, 51834‒51843. https://doi.org/I 10.12775/JEHS.2024.61.51834.
Demirci, Z. A., Bıçakcı, M. Y., & Uysal, B. (2022). Investigation of the effect of social emotional learning on peer relationships of adolescents. Journal of Education and Future, 21, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.7890
European Union (2018). Publications Office of the European Union. European Health Interview Survey (EHIS wave 3). https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2785/020714
Falces-Prieto, M., Martín-Moya, R., Delgado-García, G., Silva, R. M., Ceylan, H. I., & Juan Carlos de la Cruz-Márquez, J. C. (2024). Quarterly Percentual Change in Height, Weight, Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Young Football Players of Different Categories. Applied Sciences 14(9), 3915‒3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093915
Felipe, A., & Guilherme, J. (2024) Assessing cardiovascular health benefits of football in brazilian adolescents. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 24(94) 1‒16. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2024.94.001
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Peterson, M. D., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2018). Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in pediatric obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096605
Gülşen, Ö., & Sevinç, Y. (2024). Daytime Sleepiness, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity Levels Among University Undergraduate Students: Do They Affect Sleep Quality. Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(4), 255‒263.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2‒24.
Hale, G. E., Colquhoun, L., Lancastle, D., Lewis, N., & Tyson, P. J. (2021). Physical activity interventions for the mental health and well‐being of adolescents–a systematic review. Child and adolescent mental health, 26(4), 357‒368. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12485
Hargreaves, D., Mates, E., Menon, P., Alderman, H., Devakumar, D.,... & Patton, G. C. (2022). Strategies and interventions for healthy adolescent growth, nutrition, and development. The Lancet, 399(10320), 198‒207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01593-2
Hassapidou, M., Vlassopoulos, A., Kalliostra, M., Govers, E., Mulrooney, H., ... & Brown, T. (2023). European Association for the study of obesity position statement on medical nutrition therapy for the management of overweight and obesity in adults developed in collaboration with the European federation of the associations of dietitians. Obesity facts, 16(1), 11‒28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528083
Ivanović, M., & Ivanović, U. (2016). Biološke, psihološke i socijalne varijable kao determinante sprovođenja dijete u adolescenciji. [Biological, psychological and social variables as determinants of dieting with adolescents]. Sport Science, 9(2), 15–22.
Liutsko, L., Leonov, S., Pashenko, A., & Polikanova, I. (2024). Is Frequency of Practice of Different Types of Physical Activity Associated with Health and a Healthy Lifestyle at Different Ages? European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 256‒267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010017
Lopez, P., Taaffe, D. R., Galvão, D. A., Newton, R.U., Nonemacher, E. R., … & Rech, A. (2022). Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 23, e13428‒e13437. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428
Mišigoj-Duraković, M., Duraković, Z., Findak, V., Heimer, S., Horga, S., & Latin, V. (2018). Tjelesno vježbanje i zdravlje. Zagreb: Znanje.
Moreno-Díaz, M. I., Vaquero-Solís, M., Tapia-Serrano, M. A., & Sánchez-Migue, P. A. (2024). Physical Activity, Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Body Dissatisfaction in Physical Education of Extremadura Adolescents: An Exploratory Study. Children 11(1), 83‒92. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010083
Praça, G. M., Chagas, M. H., Bredt, S. D. G. T., & de Andrade, A. G. P. (2022). Small-Sided Soccer Games with Larger Relative Areas Result in Higher Physical and Physiological Responses: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review.
Dimitriadis, Y., Michailidis, Y., Mandroukas, A., Gissis, I., Mavrommatis, G., & Metaxas, T. (2022). Internal and external load of youth soccer players during Small-Sided-Games. Trends in Sport Sciences, 29, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.23829/TSS.2022.29.4-4
Rezk, E., E. L., Damaty, H., & El Gendy, M. S. (2024). Assessment of nutritional status, dietary behavior and their relationship with physical performance for football players. Egyptian Journal of, 29(1), 185 – 231. https://doi.org/10.21608/enj.2024.350774
Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(5), 963–975. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014
Trakman, G. L., Forsyth, A., Devlin, B. L., & Belski, R. (2019). A systematic review of athletes’ and coaches’ nutrition knowledge and reflections on the quality of current nutrition knowledge measures. Nutrients, 8(9), 570‒579. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090570
Vázquez-Espino, K., Fernández-Tena, C., Lizarraga-Dallo, M. A., & Farran-Codina, A. (2020) Development and validation of a short sport nutrition knowledge questionnaire for athletes. Nutrients, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113561
WHO. Who European Regional Obesity Report. Copenhagen: European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2022.
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2199. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
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Ivanović, M., Pantelić, V., & Ćosić, I. (2025). BODY MASS INDEX AND LIFESTYLE: DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF CADET FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Sport and Health, 20(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.7251/SIZ2501065I
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