BILATERAL TRANSFER IN THE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN BY USING GAMES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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Nebojša Ilić
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7356-3744
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7356-3744
Abstract
Regular participation in physical activities, such as sports games and exercises that engage both extremities, plays a key role in the development of children bilateral transfer. Through such activities, children acquire the ability to transfer skills and movements learned by using both extremities, which can be vital for their motor coordination and performance in various activities. The goal of this systematic review was to determine, based on the previous researches, the effects of games and other types of physical activities on bilateral transfer in motor development of children. Research data were collected by taking inclusion and exclusion criteria into account on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. As a result of the evaluation carried out within these criteria, twenty (N = 20) original scientific studies were included in this research. The main findings of the research indicate that bilateral transfer programs, which include elementary games or programmed practice sessions, as well as programmed soccer exercises, have a positive effect on the bilateral transfer of children aged 3-12 years. These findings are in accordance with the results of the previous researches, done with adults, which wеre also analyzed, and suggest that short-term or long-term side-to-side transfer can be achieved in a wide range of age groups.
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Keywords
bilateral transfer, improvement, motor skills, motor development, youth
References
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Ammons, R. B. (1958). Cussent psychological issues. Human Kinetics.
Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Anderson, J., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Effectiveness of a physical activity intervention for Head Start preschoolers: A randomized intervention study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(1), 28-36.
Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Courtney, J. B., Gavin, W. J., Johnson, S. L., & Boles, R. E. (2017). Motor skill development in low-income, at-risk preschoolers: A community-based longitudinal intervention study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(11), 997-1002.
Bonney, E., Jelsma, L. D., Ferguson, G. D., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. (2017). Learning better by repetition or variation? Is transfer at odds with task specific training? PLoS One, 12(3), e0174214.
Bozkurt, S., Çoban, M., & Demircan, U. (2020). The effect of football basic technical training using unilateral leg on bilateral leg transfer in male children. Journal of Physical Education, 31, 1-10.
Buchele Harris, H., Cortina, K. S., Templin, T., Colabianchi, N., & Chen, W. (2018). Impact of coordinated-bilateral physical activities on attention and concentration in school-aged children. Biomed Research International, 2018, 2539748.
Byrd, R., Gibson, M., & Gleason, M. H. (2000). Bilateral transfer across ages 7 to 17 years. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(1), 87-90.
Chavez, J. N., & Coker, C. A. (2000). Effect of practice sequence on the bilateral acquisition of a novel motor skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(1), A-55.
Chen, J., Song, W., Zhao, X., Lou, H., & Luo, D. (2023). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and physical fitness in preschoolers: A short-term longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1270888.
Chen, J., Wang, X., & Chen, W. (2021). Impact of bilateral coordinated movement on manipulative skill competency in elementary school students. Children (Basel), 8(6), 517.
Chen, W., Wang, X., Gu, X., & Chen, J. (2021). The impacts of coordinated-bilateral ball skills intervention on attention and concentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness among fourth-grade students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11634.
Erdil, G., Yorulmaz, H., Olcucu. B., & Bülbül, A. (2016). Effect of 8 weeks bilateral football training program for 11-12 age group children over learning transfer and permanency of the learning transfer. International Journal of Academic Research, 8(5), 1-10.
Graham, G. (1992). Developmentally appropriate physical education for children. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 63(6), 29–30.
Hicks, R. E., Gualtieri, C. T., & Schroeder, S. R. (1983). Cognitive and motor components of bilateral transfer. American Journal of Psychology, 96, 223–228.
Hussain, B., & Cheong, J. P. G. (2022). Improving gross motor skills of children through traditional games skills practiced along the contextual interference continuum. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 986403.
Kohl, R. M., & Roenker, D. L. (1980). Bilateral transfer as a function of mental imagery. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 197–206.
Land, W. M., Liu, B., Cordova, A., Fang, M., Huang, Y., & Yao, W. X. (2016). Effects of physical practice and imagery practice on bilateral transfer in learning a sequential tapping task. PLoS One, 11(4), e0152228.
Liu, J., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2005). Immediate and delayed bilateral transfer of throwing accuracy in male and female children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(1), 20-27.
Ljubičić, S., Antekolović, Lj., & Petrić, V. (2022). Integration of bilateral coordination in children’s motor learning process. Journal of Elementary Education, 15(3), 285-299.
Magallón, S., Narbona, J., & Crespo-Eguílaz, N. (2016). Acquisition of motor and cognitive skills through repetition in typically developing children. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158684.
Magill, R. A. (1993). In motor learning concepts and applications. Brown and Benchmark.
Malina, R., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity (2nd edition). Human Kinetics.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). The PRISMA Group. Reprint—Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses: The PRISMA statement. Physical Therapy, 89, 873–880.
Rajović, R., Berić, D., Bratić, M., Živković, M., & Stojiljković, N. (2016). Effects of an “NTC” exercise program on the development of motor skills in preschool children. Facta Universitatis, Physical Education and Sport, 14(3), 315-329.
Rouissi, M., Chtara, M., Owen, A., Chaalali, A., Chaouachi, A., Gabbett, T., et al. (2016). Effect of leg dominance on change of direction ability amongst young elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Science, 34(6), 542-548.
Senff, O., & Weigelt, M. (2011). Sequential effects after practice with the dominant and non-dominant hand on the acquisition of a sliding task in schoolchildren. Laterality, 16(2), 227-239.
Shenouda, L., Gabel, L., & Timmons, B. W. (2011). Preschooler focus-physical activity and motor skill development. Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, 1, 1–2.
Shi, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, W., Dai, Y., & Li, J. (2024). An empirical study of the flag rugby game programme to promote gross motor skills and physical fitness in 5-6 year old preschool children. Heliyon, 10(8), e29200.
Stanley, R. M., Jones, R. A., Cliff, D. P., Trost, S. G., Berthelsen, D., Salmon, J., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Increasing physical activity among young children from disadvantaged communities: Study protocol of a group randomised controlled effectiveness trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1095.
Stöckel, T., & Weigelt, M. (2012). Brain lateralisation and motor learning: Selective effects of dominant and non-dominant hand practice on the early acquisition of throwing skills. Laterality, 17(1), 18-37.
Stöckel, T., Weigelt, M., & Krug, J. (2011). Acquisition of a complex basketball-dribbling task in school children as a function of bilateral practice order. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(2), 188-197.
Teixeira, L. A., Silva, M. V., & Carvalho, M. A. (2003). Reduction of lateral asymmetries in dribbling: The role of bilateral practice. Laterality, 8, 53-65.
Tousi, M. M., Emami, T., & Hoseini, S. M. (2012). The effect of initial practice with dominant and non-dominant hand on acquisition, retention and transfer of a complex motor task. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(3), 1067-1074.
Wang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Sun, H., & Gao, W. (2020). A follow-up study of motor skill development and its determinants in preschool children from middle-income family. BioMed Research International, 2020, 6639341.
Witkowski, Z., Lyakh, V., Gutnik, B., Lipecki, K., Rutowicz, B., & Penchev, B., et al. (2011). Corrective effects of different options on development and maturation of professional motor skills from dominant and non-dominant legs of young soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Management, 11(3), 291-299.
Ammons, R. B. (1958). Cussent psychological issues. Human Kinetics.
Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Anderson, J., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Effectiveness of a physical activity intervention for Head Start preschoolers: A randomized intervention study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(1), 28-36.
Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Courtney, J. B., Gavin, W. J., Johnson, S. L., & Boles, R. E. (2017). Motor skill development in low-income, at-risk preschoolers: A community-based longitudinal intervention study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(11), 997-1002.
Bonney, E., Jelsma, L. D., Ferguson, G. D., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. (2017). Learning better by repetition or variation? Is transfer at odds with task specific training? PLoS One, 12(3), e0174214.
Bozkurt, S., Çoban, M., & Demircan, U. (2020). The effect of football basic technical training using unilateral leg on bilateral leg transfer in male children. Journal of Physical Education, 31, 1-10.
Buchele Harris, H., Cortina, K. S., Templin, T., Colabianchi, N., & Chen, W. (2018). Impact of coordinated-bilateral physical activities on attention and concentration in school-aged children. Biomed Research International, 2018, 2539748.
Byrd, R., Gibson, M., & Gleason, M. H. (2000). Bilateral transfer across ages 7 to 17 years. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(1), 87-90.
Chavez, J. N., & Coker, C. A. (2000). Effect of practice sequence on the bilateral acquisition of a novel motor skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(1), A-55.
Chen, J., Song, W., Zhao, X., Lou, H., & Luo, D. (2023). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and physical fitness in preschoolers: A short-term longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1270888.
Chen, J., Wang, X., & Chen, W. (2021). Impact of bilateral coordinated movement on manipulative skill competency in elementary school students. Children (Basel), 8(6), 517.
Chen, W., Wang, X., Gu, X., & Chen, J. (2021). The impacts of coordinated-bilateral ball skills intervention on attention and concentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness among fourth-grade students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11634.
Erdil, G., Yorulmaz, H., Olcucu. B., & Bülbül, A. (2016). Effect of 8 weeks bilateral football training program for 11-12 age group children over learning transfer and permanency of the learning transfer. International Journal of Academic Research, 8(5), 1-10.
Graham, G. (1992). Developmentally appropriate physical education for children. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 63(6), 29–30.
Hicks, R. E., Gualtieri, C. T., & Schroeder, S. R. (1983). Cognitive and motor components of bilateral transfer. American Journal of Psychology, 96, 223–228.
Hussain, B., & Cheong, J. P. G. (2022). Improving gross motor skills of children through traditional games skills practiced along the contextual interference continuum. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 986403.
Kohl, R. M., & Roenker, D. L. (1980). Bilateral transfer as a function of mental imagery. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 197–206.
Land, W. M., Liu, B., Cordova, A., Fang, M., Huang, Y., & Yao, W. X. (2016). Effects of physical practice and imagery practice on bilateral transfer in learning a sequential tapping task. PLoS One, 11(4), e0152228.
Liu, J., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2005). Immediate and delayed bilateral transfer of throwing accuracy in male and female children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(1), 20-27.
Ljubičić, S., Antekolović, Lj., & Petrić, V. (2022). Integration of bilateral coordination in children’s motor learning process. Journal of Elementary Education, 15(3), 285-299.
Magallón, S., Narbona, J., & Crespo-Eguílaz, N. (2016). Acquisition of motor and cognitive skills through repetition in typically developing children. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158684.
Magill, R. A. (1993). In motor learning concepts and applications. Brown and Benchmark.
Malina, R., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity (2nd edition). Human Kinetics.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). The PRISMA Group. Reprint—Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses: The PRISMA statement. Physical Therapy, 89, 873–880.
Rajović, R., Berić, D., Bratić, M., Živković, M., & Stojiljković, N. (2016). Effects of an “NTC” exercise program on the development of motor skills in preschool children. Facta Universitatis, Physical Education and Sport, 14(3), 315-329.
Rouissi, M., Chtara, M., Owen, A., Chaalali, A., Chaouachi, A., Gabbett, T., et al. (2016). Effect of leg dominance on change of direction ability amongst young elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Science, 34(6), 542-548.
Senff, O., & Weigelt, M. (2011). Sequential effects after practice with the dominant and non-dominant hand on the acquisition of a sliding task in schoolchildren. Laterality, 16(2), 227-239.
Shenouda, L., Gabel, L., & Timmons, B. W. (2011). Preschooler focus-physical activity and motor skill development. Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, 1, 1–2.
Shi, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, W., Dai, Y., & Li, J. (2024). An empirical study of the flag rugby game programme to promote gross motor skills and physical fitness in 5-6 year old preschool children. Heliyon, 10(8), e29200.
Stanley, R. M., Jones, R. A., Cliff, D. P., Trost, S. G., Berthelsen, D., Salmon, J., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Increasing physical activity among young children from disadvantaged communities: Study protocol of a group randomised controlled effectiveness trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1095.
Stöckel, T., & Weigelt, M. (2012). Brain lateralisation and motor learning: Selective effects of dominant and non-dominant hand practice on the early acquisition of throwing skills. Laterality, 17(1), 18-37.
Stöckel, T., Weigelt, M., & Krug, J. (2011). Acquisition of a complex basketball-dribbling task in school children as a function of bilateral practice order. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(2), 188-197.
Teixeira, L. A., Silva, M. V., & Carvalho, M. A. (2003). Reduction of lateral asymmetries in dribbling: The role of bilateral practice. Laterality, 8, 53-65.
Tousi, M. M., Emami, T., & Hoseini, S. M. (2012). The effect of initial practice with dominant and non-dominant hand on acquisition, retention and transfer of a complex motor task. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(3), 1067-1074.
Wang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Sun, H., & Gao, W. (2020). A follow-up study of motor skill development and its determinants in preschool children from middle-income family. BioMed Research International, 2020, 6639341.
Witkowski, Z., Lyakh, V., Gutnik, B., Lipecki, K., Rutowicz, B., & Penchev, B., et al. (2011). Corrective effects of different options on development and maturation of professional motor skills from dominant and non-dominant legs of young soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Management, 11(3), 291-299.
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Ilić, N. (2025). BILATERAL TRANSFER IN THE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN BY USING GAMES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Sport and Health, 20(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.7251/SIZ2501017I
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Review scientific article
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