DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS OF STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY SCIENCES BASED ON BODY MASS INDEX
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Abstract
A study was conducted on a sample of 305 participants, students of the Faculty of Security Sciences of the University of Banja Luka, representing the population of 19- to 20-year-old police trainees, to determine differences in motor skills based on body mass index (BMI). The diagnosis of body mass index (BMI) status as a basic measure for the assessment of physical and nutritional status was subjected to a cluster analysis to define six categories of participants hypothetically characteristic for the specificity of the population studied. In accordance with the health epidemiological standards of the World Health Federation, a universal categorization of BMI values was made: underweight individuals, normal weight individuals, overweight individuals or individuals with excessive body weight, pre-obese individuals (mild obesity), obese individuals (moderate obesity), and morbidly obese individuals (severe obesity). The central values of the isolated BMI clusters in the sample studied were as follows: BMI cluster 1 = 18.70 kg/m2, cluster 2 = 20.61 kg/m2, cluster 3 = 22.16 kg/m2, cluster 4 = 23.83 kg/m2, cluster 5 = 25.81 kg/m2, and cluster 6 = 27.38 kg/m2. In the first cluster, 8 participants were identified, representing 2.6 % of the population studied, in the second cluster 57 participants or 18.7 %, in the third cluster 68 participants or 22.3 %, in the fourth cluster 138 participants or 45.2 %, in the fifth cluster 22 participants or 7.2 % and in the sixth cluster 12 participants or 3.9 % of the population studied. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in motor skills variables between certain categories of participants: Standing Long Jump (MSDM) - assessing lower extremity explosive strength - and Cooper 12-Minute Run Test (MKUP) - assessing aerobic endurance, while the Maximum Number of Sit-ups (MPTR) variable - assessing dynamic core strength - is at the borderline of statistical significance.
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Keywords
motor skills, students, differences, BMI, cluster
References
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Anderson, S. G., & Plecas, D. (2000). Predicting shooting scores from physical performance data. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23(4), 525-537.
Anderson, S. G., Plecas, D., & Segger, T. (2001). Police officer physical ability testing: Re-validating a selection criterion. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 24(1), 8-31.
Australian Federal Police. (2004). Minimum standards of physical fitness competency assessment. http://www.afp.gov.au/afp/page/
Baik, I., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E., Spiegelman, D., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2000). Adiposity and mortality in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(3), 264–271.
Blagojević, M. (2003). Uticaj nastave Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja na promene morfoloških i motoričkih karakteristika studenata policijske akademije. MNT, Beograd
Blagojević, M., Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2005). Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje I – udžbenik za studente policijske akademije. Policijska Akademija, Beograd.
Blagojević, M., Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2006). Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje 1 za studente policijske akademije. Beograd: Inpress.
Blair, S. N. (2009). Physical inactivity: The biggest public health problem of the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 1–2.
Bonneau, J., & Brown, J. (1995). Physical ability fitness and police work. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2, 157-164.
Caban, A., Lee, D., Fleming, L., Gomez-Marin, O., Le Blanc, W., & Pitman, T. (2005). Obesity in US workers: The National health interview survey, 1986 to 2002. American Journal of Public Health, 95(9), 1614–1622.
Cattuzzo, T. M., Henrique, S. R., Nicolai Ré, H. A., De Oliveira, S. I., Melo, M. B., Moura, S. M., & Stodden, D. (2016). Motor competence and health-related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 123–129.
Dietz, W. H., & Robinson, T. N. (2005). Overweight children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2100–2109.
Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2006). Pokazatelji maksimalne sile pregibača leve i desne šake u funkciji selekcionog kriterijuma za potrebe policije. Sport Mont, 4(10-11), 148–154.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Blagojević, M., & Vučković, G. (2002). Evaluacija valjanosti testova za procenu kontraktilnog potencijala mišića ruku kod policajaca. Bezbednost, 44(3), 434–444.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Vučković, G., Blagojević, M., & Mudrić, R. (2005). Dijagnostika stanja indeksa telesne mase studenata Policijske akademije. Sportska medicina, 5(4), 180-191.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Vučković, G., Blagojević, M., & Mudrić, R. (2006). Klasifikacioni kriterijumi za procenu indeksa mase tela kod studentkinja Kriminalističko-policijske akademije. Sportska medicina, 6(4), 100-110.
Dopsaj, M., Vučković, G., & Blagojević, M. (2007). Normativno-selekcioni kriterijum za procenu bazičnog motoričkog statusa kandidata za prijem na studije Kriminalističko-policijske akademije u Beogradu. Bezbednost, 49(4), 166-183.
Dopsaj, M., Vučković, G., & Vuković, M. (2011). Karakteristike izometrijske mišićne sile opružača leđa kod različito treniranih i netreniranih studenata Kriminalističkopolicijske akademije. Bezbednost, 53(3), 5-20.
Drid, P., Vujkov, S., Jakšić, D., Trivić, T., Marinković, D., & Bala, G. (2013). Diferences in motor and cognitive abilities of children depending on their body mass index and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Collegium Antropologicum, 37(2), 171–177.
Đorđević, D. (1989). Opšta antropomotorika. Beograd. Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Glaner, M., Lima, W., & Borysiuk, Z. (2010). Body fat deposition and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in men. Human Movement, 11(1), 45-50.
Graf, C., Koch, B., Kretschmann-Kandel, E., Falkowski, G., Christ, H., Coburger, S., Lehmacher, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Platen, P., Tokarski, W., Predel, H. G., & Dordel, S. (2004). Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-project). International Journal of Obesity, 28(1), 22-26.
Gredelj, M., Metikoš, D., Hošek, A. i Momirović, K. (1975). Model hijerarhijske strukture motorickih sposobnosti i rezultati dobijeni primjenom jednog neoklasicnog postupka za procjenu latentnih dimenzija. Kineziologija, 5(1-2), 7 – 82.
Haight, T., Tager, I., Sternfeld, B., Satariano, W., & Van der Laan, M. (2005). Effects of body composition and leisure time physical activity on transition in physical functioning in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(7), 607-617.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Heyward, V., & Stolarczyk, L. (1996). Applied body composition assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ignjatović, Đ. (2005). Kriminologija (6th ed.). Beograd: Službeni Glasnik.
Jamnik, V., Thomas, S., Shaw, J., & Gledhill, N. (2010). Identification and characterization of the critical physically demanding tasks encountered by correctional officers. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35, 45-58.
Kales, S. N., Tsismenakis, A. J., Zhang, C., & Soteriades, E. S. (2009). Blood pressure in firefighters, police officers, and other emergency responders. American Journal of Hypertension, 22(1), 11-20.
Khodaverdi, F., Bahram, A., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2012). Quality of life, motor ability, and weight status among school-aged children of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 41(6), 97-102.
Kostić, R., Đurašković, R., Pantelić, S., Živković, D., Uzunović, S., & Živković, M. (2009). Relacije antropometrijskih karakteristika i koordinacionih sposobnosti. Facta Universitatis – Physical Education and Sport, 7(1), 101–112.
Kukolj, M. (1996). Opšta antropomotorika. Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Lopes, V. P., Stodden, D. F., Bianchi, M. M., Maia, J. A., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2012). Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 38-43.
Lord, V. (1998). Swedish police selection and training: Issues from a comparative perspective. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 21(2), 280-292.
Milošević, M. (1985). Određivanje strukture motoričkih svojstava milicionara. VŠUP, Zemun.
Milošević, M., Zulić, M., & Božić, S. (1988a). Biomehanički model Đaku zukija. Karate katedra, Beograd, 2, 14.
Milošević, M., Zulić, M., & Božić, S. (1988b). Kinematički model mae geri. Karate katedra, Beograd, 3, 19–20.
Nagaya, T., Yoshida, H., Takahashi, H., & Kawai, M. (2006). Policemen and firefighters have increased risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus probably due to their large body mass index: A follow-up study in Japanese men. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49(1), 30–35.
National Institutes of Health. (2005). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/
Sørensen, J. S. (2000). Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: A 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50(1), 2-10.
Sörensen, L. (2005). Correlates of physical activity among middle-aged Finnish male police officers. Occupational Medicine, 55(2), 136-138.
Sorensen, L., Smolander, J., Louhevaara, V., Korhonen, O., & Oja, P. (2000). Physical activity, fitness, and body composition of Finnish police officers: A 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50(1), 3-10.
Stommel, M., & Schoenborn, C. (2010). Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risk in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Obesity, 18, 1821-1826.
Tokmakidis, S. P., Kasambalis, A., & Christodoulos, A. D. (2006). Fitness levels of Greek primary schoolchildren in relationship to overweight and obesity. European Journal of Pediatrics, 165(12), 867–874.
Wong, A. K. Y., & Cheung, S. Y. (2006). Gross motor skills performance of Hong Kong Chinese children. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation (Hong Kong), 12(2), 23-29.
World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 894.
Zaciorski, M. (1975). Fizička svojstva sportiste. Beograd: NIP Partizan.
Zaciorski, M. (1982). Osnovi sportivnoj metrologiji. Moskva: FiS
Јорга, Ј., & Пецељ – Гец, М. (1994). Мерила за процену степена гојазности. Српски архив за целокупно лекарство, 122(1-2), 46–48.
Anderson, S. G., & Plecas, D. (2000). Predicting shooting scores from physical performance data. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23(4), 525-537.
Anderson, S. G., Plecas, D., & Segger, T. (2001). Police officer physical ability testing: Re-validating a selection criterion. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 24(1), 8-31.
Australian Federal Police. (2004). Minimum standards of physical fitness competency assessment. http://www.afp.gov.au/afp/page/
Baik, I., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E., Spiegelman, D., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2000). Adiposity and mortality in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(3), 264–271.
Blagojević, M. (2003). Uticaj nastave Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja na promene morfoloških i motoričkih karakteristika studenata policijske akademije. MNT, Beograd
Blagojević, M., Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2005). Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje I – udžbenik za studente policijske akademije. Policijska Akademija, Beograd.
Blagojević, M., Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2006). Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje 1 za studente policijske akademije. Beograd: Inpress.
Blair, S. N. (2009). Physical inactivity: The biggest public health problem of the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 1–2.
Bonneau, J., & Brown, J. (1995). Physical ability fitness and police work. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2, 157-164.
Caban, A., Lee, D., Fleming, L., Gomez-Marin, O., Le Blanc, W., & Pitman, T. (2005). Obesity in US workers: The National health interview survey, 1986 to 2002. American Journal of Public Health, 95(9), 1614–1622.
Cattuzzo, T. M., Henrique, S. R., Nicolai Ré, H. A., De Oliveira, S. I., Melo, M. B., Moura, S. M., & Stodden, D. (2016). Motor competence and health-related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 123–129.
Dietz, W. H., & Robinson, T. N. (2005). Overweight children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2100–2109.
Dopsaj, M., & Vučković, G. (2006). Pokazatelji maksimalne sile pregibača leve i desne šake u funkciji selekcionog kriterijuma za potrebe policije. Sport Mont, 4(10-11), 148–154.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Blagojević, M., & Vučković, G. (2002). Evaluacija valjanosti testova za procenu kontraktilnog potencijala mišića ruku kod policajaca. Bezbednost, 44(3), 434–444.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Vučković, G., Blagojević, M., & Mudrić, R. (2005). Dijagnostika stanja indeksa telesne mase studenata Policijske akademije. Sportska medicina, 5(4), 180-191.
Dopsaj, M., Milošević, M., Vučković, G., Blagojević, M., & Mudrić, R. (2006). Klasifikacioni kriterijumi za procenu indeksa mase tela kod studentkinja Kriminalističko-policijske akademije. Sportska medicina, 6(4), 100-110.
Dopsaj, M., Vučković, G., & Blagojević, M. (2007). Normativno-selekcioni kriterijum za procenu bazičnog motoričkog statusa kandidata za prijem na studije Kriminalističko-policijske akademije u Beogradu. Bezbednost, 49(4), 166-183.
Dopsaj, M., Vučković, G., & Vuković, M. (2011). Karakteristike izometrijske mišićne sile opružača leđa kod različito treniranih i netreniranih studenata Kriminalističkopolicijske akademije. Bezbednost, 53(3), 5-20.
Drid, P., Vujkov, S., Jakšić, D., Trivić, T., Marinković, D., & Bala, G. (2013). Diferences in motor and cognitive abilities of children depending on their body mass index and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Collegium Antropologicum, 37(2), 171–177.
Đorđević, D. (1989). Opšta antropomotorika. Beograd. Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Glaner, M., Lima, W., & Borysiuk, Z. (2010). Body fat deposition and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in men. Human Movement, 11(1), 45-50.
Graf, C., Koch, B., Kretschmann-Kandel, E., Falkowski, G., Christ, H., Coburger, S., Lehmacher, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Platen, P., Tokarski, W., Predel, H. G., & Dordel, S. (2004). Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-project). International Journal of Obesity, 28(1), 22-26.
Gredelj, M., Metikoš, D., Hošek, A. i Momirović, K. (1975). Model hijerarhijske strukture motorickih sposobnosti i rezultati dobijeni primjenom jednog neoklasicnog postupka za procjenu latentnih dimenzija. Kineziologija, 5(1-2), 7 – 82.
Haight, T., Tager, I., Sternfeld, B., Satariano, W., & Van der Laan, M. (2005). Effects of body composition and leisure time physical activity on transition in physical functioning in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(7), 607-617.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Heyward, V., & Stolarczyk, L. (1996). Applied body composition assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ignjatović, Đ. (2005). Kriminologija (6th ed.). Beograd: Službeni Glasnik.
Jamnik, V., Thomas, S., Shaw, J., & Gledhill, N. (2010). Identification and characterization of the critical physically demanding tasks encountered by correctional officers. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35, 45-58.
Kales, S. N., Tsismenakis, A. J., Zhang, C., & Soteriades, E. S. (2009). Blood pressure in firefighters, police officers, and other emergency responders. American Journal of Hypertension, 22(1), 11-20.
Khodaverdi, F., Bahram, A., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2012). Quality of life, motor ability, and weight status among school-aged children of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 41(6), 97-102.
Kostić, R., Đurašković, R., Pantelić, S., Živković, D., Uzunović, S., & Živković, M. (2009). Relacije antropometrijskih karakteristika i koordinacionih sposobnosti. Facta Universitatis – Physical Education and Sport, 7(1), 101–112.
Kukolj, M. (1996). Opšta antropomotorika. Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Lopes, V. P., Stodden, D. F., Bianchi, M. M., Maia, J. A., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2012). Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 38-43.
Lord, V. (1998). Swedish police selection and training: Issues from a comparative perspective. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 21(2), 280-292.
Milošević, M. (1985). Određivanje strukture motoričkih svojstava milicionara. VŠUP, Zemun.
Milošević, M., Zulić, M., & Božić, S. (1988a). Biomehanički model Đaku zukija. Karate katedra, Beograd, 2, 14.
Milošević, M., Zulić, M., & Božić, S. (1988b). Kinematički model mae geri. Karate katedra, Beograd, 3, 19–20.
Nagaya, T., Yoshida, H., Takahashi, H., & Kawai, M. (2006). Policemen and firefighters have increased risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus probably due to their large body mass index: A follow-up study in Japanese men. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49(1), 30–35.
National Institutes of Health. (2005). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/
Sørensen, J. S. (2000). Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: A 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50(1), 2-10.
Sörensen, L. (2005). Correlates of physical activity among middle-aged Finnish male police officers. Occupational Medicine, 55(2), 136-138.
Sorensen, L., Smolander, J., Louhevaara, V., Korhonen, O., & Oja, P. (2000). Physical activity, fitness, and body composition of Finnish police officers: A 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50(1), 3-10.
Stommel, M., & Schoenborn, C. (2010). Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risk in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Obesity, 18, 1821-1826.
Tokmakidis, S. P., Kasambalis, A., & Christodoulos, A. D. (2006). Fitness levels of Greek primary schoolchildren in relationship to overweight and obesity. European Journal of Pediatrics, 165(12), 867–874.
Wong, A. K. Y., & Cheung, S. Y. (2006). Gross motor skills performance of Hong Kong Chinese children. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation (Hong Kong), 12(2), 23-29.
World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 894.
Zaciorski, M. (1975). Fizička svojstva sportiste. Beograd: NIP Partizan.
Zaciorski, M. (1982). Osnovi sportivnoj metrologiji. Moskva: FiS
Јорга, Ј., & Пецељ – Гец, М. (1994). Мерила за процену степена гојазности. Српски архив за целокупно лекарство, 122(1-2), 46–48.
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Kovačević, S., Paspalj, D., Rađević, N., & Vulin, L. (2024). DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS OF STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY SCIENCES BASED ON BODY MASS INDEX. Sport and Health, 19(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.7251/SIZ2401165K
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